On Thursday, Uganda confirmed an outbreak of the Ebola virus in its capital city Kampala, with the first confirmed patient dying from it a day before. As per the new developments, the officials are now preparing to deploy a trial vaccine to put an end to this outbreak.

Groups of scientists are working on the vaccine and deployment of more than 2,000 doses of a candidate vaccine against the Sudan strain of Ebola has been planned and confirmed by the Uganda Virus Research Institute. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Uganda has access to 2,169 doses of trial vaccine. For now, however, there are no approved vaccines for the strain and officials are still investigating the source of the outbreak.

The WHO had also allocated $1 million from its contingency fund for emergencies to support quick action and contain the outbreak in the country.

Confirmed Case

On Wednesday, the Sudan strain of Ebola killed a nurse employed at Kampala's main referral hospital. It is after his death that Ebola was declared an outbreak in the country. Post-mortem samples too have confirmed the Sudan Ebola Virus Disease and at least 44 contacts of the deceased man have been listed for tracing. 30 of these are health workers.

Ebola is a highly infectious hemorrhagic fever, which is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and tissue. Symptoms include headache, vomiting of blood, muscle pains and bleeding.

it was in the late 2022, when Uganda had last suffered an Ebola outbreak. It killed 55 of the 143 people who were infected and was declared over on January 11, 2023.

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

As per the WHO, Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but severe illness in humans and is often fatal. People can get infected with the virus if they touch an infected animal when preparing food, or touch body fluids of an infected person such as saliva, urine, faeces or semen, or things that have body fluids of an infected person like clothes or sheets.

How Does Transmission Work?

Ebola enters the body through cuts in the skin or when one is touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue and headache.

It was first discovered in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreak, when in Nzara, South Sudan and other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred near a village near the Ebola River, which is where it gets its name from.

It is highly infectious and transmissible disease, in fact, there have been cases of health-care workers who have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not practiced strictly.

Cases of people conducted burial ceremonies, involving direct contact with the body of the deceased too can lead to the transmission of Ebola. Even after the long suffering and recovery, there is a possibility of sexual transmission. Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover may still carry the virus in their breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues.

Symptoms:

• feeling tired
• headache
• muscle and joint pain
• eye pain and vision problems
• weight gain
• belly pain and loss of appetite
• hair loss and skin problems
• trouble sleeping
• memory loss
• hearing loss
• depression and anxiety

The H1N1 virus continues to surge in India’s national capital, Delhi, with vulnerable groups more likely to develop severe illness. While the infection is self-limiting in most cases, it is leading to increased hospitalizations, with some patients requiring ventilator support.

Delhi has reported 2,308 cases of swine flu, with the number described as around eight times higher than the average in previous years. However, no deaths have been reported so far.

The government has asked people to follow precautions similar to those followed during COVID, including the use of masks, and hand hygiene. However, it advised people not to panic but remain alert to symptoms.

To understand more about H1N1, HealthandMe interviewed Dr GC Khilnani, Chairman, PSRI Institute of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, PSRI Hospital, New Delhi, who explained the current surge, symptoms, warning signs, treatment and preventive measures.

Q. H1N1 cases are rising sharply in Delhi. What is driving this surge, and how concerning is it?

A. There has been a clear rise in H1N1 cases, which is concerning because influenza can occasionally cause severe pneumonia, ICU admissions, and deaths. The virus is also known to mutate, raising concerns about severe disease and wider outbreaks.

However, the current H1N1 virus is the same as in 2025. In healthy people, it usually causes a self-limiting illness lasting three to five days, with sore throat, fever, body aches, headache and sometimes mild chest pain.

Severe illness is more likely in vulnerable groups, including those aged 70–80 years or older, people with diabetes or chronic lung disease, and those who are immunocompromised due to long-term steroids, cancer treatment or other conditions.

We currently have patients on ventilators at PSRI Hospital because of H1N1, though thankfully there have been no deaths so far. The actual number of cases may also be higher than reported because not everyone gets tested.

Q. Is the H1N1 strain currently circulating in India different from previous years? How contagious is it?

A. It is a highly contagious strain. The ICMR has already said that it is the PDM09 Missouri type of virus, the same as it was in 2025. It has a very short incubation period of one to four days, and that means that it spreads very fast.

The attack rate is very high. That means that if it occurs in a family, all the family members are affected, and the contacts are affected. The spread is by droplet infection and also by touching non-living things like tables, chairs, or hands, as was happening in COVID. It spreads very fast. It's a short-term illness; therefore, the numbers are very high at this moment.

Q. What are the early symptoms of H1N1, and which warning signs mean a person needs hospital care?

A. Usual symptoms start with body aches, sore throat, headache, and fever, sometimes a very high-grade fever. Sometimes there is nausea and vomiting, and sometimes a little bit of chest pain is also there. It is sort of short-lived, and doesn't last for more than three to five days.

But if a person becomes breathless on mild exertion or at rest, or if the elderly person becomes drowsy or less responsive, then it's a point of worry.

If the oxygen level is below 91-92%, or the body turns blue, that means cyanosis (marked by a bluish or purplish tint to the skin or mucous membranes); these are signs of worry. Sometimes, if the chest pain is very severe, that should also not be ignored, and one should immediately go to the hospital.

Q. How can H1N1 progress from a routine flu infection to severe disease or complications?

A. It is a usual viral infection of the respiratory tract, upper as well as lower respiratory tract. It does cause a cytokine storm. It also causes multi-organ failure, and secondary infections are very common.

It is important for people who are susceptible and get admitted to hospital to look for secondary bacterial infection as well.

Q. Do antibiotics have any role in treating H1N1? How should it be treated?

A. There is absolutely, no role for antibiotics. We have the antiviral drugs, the most common being oseltamivir, popularly known as Tamiflu.

An important thing is that antivirals should be started within 48 hours of the start of the symptoms. After that, the role is very limited.

So, it is important that if the symptoms are there, it should be tested. The reports are available in 2–3 hours, and Tamiflu, is to be taken for five days, in a dose of 75 milligrams, that is, one tablet twice a day for five days.

The family members who are exposed, especially those who are susceptible, should also take a prophylactic dose of a 75-milligram tablet once a day for 7-10 days to prevent getting influenza illness.

Q. Does the seasonal flu vaccine protect against H1N1? Who should get vaccinated?

A. The flu vaccinations that are available in India definitely protects against H1N1. Like in COVID, it reduces the chances of infection, but more importantly, the severity of infection and mortality are reduced, underscoring the importance of vaccination.

Q. What is the best time to get the flu vaccine, especially now that cases are already rising?

A. One should take the flu vaccine once a year. The best months to receive this vaccination are before the expected outbreak.

Now that the outbreak is already underway, vaccination may offer limited immediate benefit, as it takes at least two weeks for the vaccine to become effective.

The best time to take it is, July-August because the outbreak usually comes in the monsoon period, or you can take it in January-February because the next outbreak occurs in March.

Q. What precautions should people take at home, workplaces and schools to prevent H1N1 transmission?

A. It is a question of—you know, during COVID, everybody was scared because mortality was highest. Everybody was following COVID-appropriate behavior.

Even now, people who develop symptoms should wear masks, even without testing, and avoid social events and crowded places to prevent spreading the infection to others.

The other thing which is more important is that those people who are likely to get severe disease—I have already described those people—should refrain from going to crowded places, like crowded markets or social gatherings and marriage parties.

Because, at this point in time it is likely that one person or another will be infected. Importantly, that person starts transmitting the virus one day before even getting the first symptom. So, you actually do not know who will be spreading it.

The infection rate is so high at this time that it is important for everybody not to go to crowded places if you are susceptible, meaning if you are 70-80 years old or your immunity is low.

And it is important that if you have to go to crowded places, then you should wear a mask and protect yourself.

Being rich is usually linked with better chances at living longer as one may have access to the best healthcare services, healthier food, free time for exercise and wellness and more. But a large international study has found a striking exception. It observed that the wealthiest individuals in America had survival rates comparable to some of the poorest people in Northern and Western Europe.

The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, analysed data from 73,838 adults aged 50 to 85 in the US and 16 European countries, following participants from 2010 to 2022. Researchers compared people according to their relative wealth within their own countries.

The findings suggest that wealth improves survival in both regions, but Americans had higher mortality at every wealth level than their European counterparts.

About 80% Of Wealthiest Americans Survived

The researchers found that about 80% of the wealthiest Americans were still alive at the end of the study period. That was roughly comparable to the survival rate among the poorest participants in Northern and Western Europe. Among the wealthiest Northern and Western Europeans, the survival rate was approximately 90%.

Lead author Irene Papanicolas, professor at Brown University School of Public Health, said, “We were surprised by that result.”

She said researchers might expect wealthy Americans to have access to high-quality healthcare, healthier food and safer environments, yet the data showed that their survival still lagged behind wealthy Europeans as well as the poorer populations .

Why Do Americans Have Higher Mortality Rate Than Europeans?

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The study does not find any one specific reason for the significant difference. However, researchers point to several possible contributors, including economic inequality, healthcare access, social safety nets, diet, smoking, _{physical activity}, stress and environmental risks. Differences in social and economic conditions could also affect health even among healthier people.

Papanicolas said the findings highlight factors that can affect health across different wealth levels, including “economic inequality or risk factors like stress, diet or environmental hazards.”

Co-author Sara Machado, a research scientist at Brown’s Center for Health System Sustainability, said where someone stands within their country’s wealth distribution matters for longevity, but so does how that country compares with others. She also noted that improving health outcomes is “not just a challenge for the most vulnerable”, as even people in the highest wealth group can be affected.

The US-Europe Life Expectancy Gap Has Widened

The findings come against a broader backdrop of declining US life expectancy compared with other wealthy nations. Researchers noted that the US and Western Europe had broadly similar life expectancy several decades ago, but the gap began widening around 1980 and kept going until it is now hard to ignore.

The study therefore raises a bigger question about whether individual wealth alone can protect people from broader health risks within a society.

The observational study cannot prove that living in the US itself causes higher mortality. The researchers identified possible explanations, but further research is needed to determine exactly why mortality remains higher among Americans across wealth groups.

Bruce Willis has been living with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) since 2023. While most dementia is not inherited, some rarer forms can have a stronger genetic link, according to the Alzheimer’s Society.

To gauge her risk of the neurological disease, which can affect behavior, communication, speech, as well as mobility, Bruce Willis's eldest daughter with Demi Moore opened up about undergoing genetic testing.

Rumer, the 38-year-old actress, told People that she underwent the APOE genetic test to understand her risk of developing dementia and learn about other health conditions she may be predisposed to, including Alzheimer’s disease and breast cancer.

“It’s terrifying to get answers sometimes,” she said, noting that there are genetic conditions in her family, including dementia and breast cancer.

However, she also believes that having information about her health risks can help her take proactive steps.

“I think when you have information, it’s power,” Rumer said.

Bruce Willis is continuing into his third year living with FTD. The degenerative condition often begins with language difficulties and eventually affects decision-making, emotional regulation, and behavior. His now wife Emma, is his primary caregiver.

Why Did Rumer Undergo Genetic Testing?

Also read: Bruce Willis Has Become More ‘Tender’ Amid Dementia Battle, Says Daughter

Rumer said knowing about potential health risks can help her take steps to improve her health, including working on inflammation and heart health.

She said being proactive about her brain health, gut health and reproductive health had been a priority even before her father’s diagnosis.

“I think health is one of those things that we take for granted until we don’t have it,” she said.

She said her efforts include taking supplements, no longer wearing perfumes, and cooking at home instead of worrying about microplastics from takeout containers.

Rumer said these steps are important not only for herself but also for her daughter and her ability to be around for her for as long as possible, the report said.

What Is An APOE Gene Test?

Cleveland Clinic defines an APOE gene test as a type of genetic test that identifies which variant of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene a person has.

Certain APOE variants are known to be associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

However, having an increased genetic risk does not mean a person will definitely develop the condition. Risk depends on multiple factors, with genetics being only one of them.

What Is The APOE Gene?

The APOE gene provides cells with instructions to make apolipoprotein E, a protein that combines with fats to form lipoprotein molecules. These molecules transport cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream.

There are three main APOE alleles:

APOE-ε2 (APOE2)

APOE-ε3 (APOE3)

APOE-ε4 (APOE4)

Everyone inherits one copy of the APOE gene from each biological parent.

The combination of alleles can influence the risk of certain health conditions by affecting how the body transports cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream.

Which APOE Variant Is Linked To Alzheimer’s Risk?

No gene has been found to directly cause Alzheimer’s disease. However, having at least one copy of the APOE-ε4 variant is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, Cleveland Clinic said.

Where Can APOE Testing Be Done?

Major pathology networks and specialized genomic laboratories offer medical-grade APOE genotyping using blood or saliva samples. There are also home saliva testing kits available.