On Thursday, Uganda confirmed an outbreak of the Ebola virus in its capital city Kampala, with the first confirmed patient dying from it a day before. As per the new developments, the officials are now preparing to deploy a trial vaccine to put an end to this outbreak.

Groups of scientists are working on the vaccine and deployment of more than 2,000 doses of a candidate vaccine against the Sudan strain of Ebola has been planned and confirmed by the Uganda Virus Research Institute. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Uganda has access to 2,169 doses of trial vaccine. For now, however, there are no approved vaccines for the strain and officials are still investigating the source of the outbreak.

The WHO had also allocated $1 million from its contingency fund for emergencies to support quick action and contain the outbreak in the country.

Confirmed Case

On Wednesday, the Sudan strain of Ebola killed a nurse employed at Kampala's main referral hospital. It is after his death that Ebola was declared an outbreak in the country. Post-mortem samples too have confirmed the Sudan Ebola Virus Disease and at least 44 contacts of the deceased man have been listed for tracing. 30 of these are health workers.

Ebola is a highly infectious hemorrhagic fever, which is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and tissue. Symptoms include headache, vomiting of blood, muscle pains and bleeding.

it was in the late 2022, when Uganda had last suffered an Ebola outbreak. It killed 55 of the 143 people who were infected and was declared over on January 11, 2023.

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

As per the WHO, Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but severe illness in humans and is often fatal. People can get infected with the virus if they touch an infected animal when preparing food, or touch body fluids of an infected person such as saliva, urine, faeces or semen, or things that have body fluids of an infected person like clothes or sheets.

How Does Transmission Work?

Ebola enters the body through cuts in the skin or when one is touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue and headache.

It was first discovered in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreak, when in Nzara, South Sudan and other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred near a village near the Ebola River, which is where it gets its name from.

It is highly infectious and transmissible disease, in fact, there have been cases of health-care workers who have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not practiced strictly.

Cases of people conducted burial ceremonies, involving direct contact with the body of the deceased too can lead to the transmission of Ebola. Even after the long suffering and recovery, there is a possibility of sexual transmission. Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover may still carry the virus in their breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues.

Symptoms:

• feeling tired
• headache
• muscle and joint pain
• eye pain and vision problems
• weight gain
• belly pain and loss of appetite
• hair loss and skin problems
• trouble sleeping
• memory loss
• hearing loss
• depression and anxiety

An outbreak of Cyclospora, a microscopic parasite that causes prolonged watery diarrhea, has sickened more than 1,400 people across the United States, with infectious disease experts describing the surge in cases as "definitely abnormal."

While the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is still investigating the source, officials believe the outbreak is likely linked to multiple sources of contamination rather than a single food product.

Health officials in Michigan have reported 1,251 Cyclospora infections, a dramatic increase from around 170 cases recorded on June 30. The state typically reports only about 50 cases annually.

Ohio has confirmed nearly 200 cases, while New York, Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, and Texas have also reported an increase in infections. More than 40 people have been hospitalized.

Dr. Thomas Moore, an infectious disease specialist and clinical professor of medicine at the University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, described the spike as "definitely abnormal" and concerning, according to The New York Times.

Keith R. Schneider, professor of food safety at the University of Florida, noted that Cyclospora infections usually increase between May and August in the United States. However, he said the current surge—particularly in Michigan—is far beyond what is normally expected.

"Something is going on right now in that area," Schneider told The New York Times.

Experts also warned that the reported infections may represent only the "tip of the iceberg," with additional cases expected in the coming weeks, because the infection takes long to manifest.

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What Is Cyclospora And How Does It Spread?

Cyclospora is a microscopic parasite that infects people after they consume food or water contaminated with human feces containing the parasite's eggs (oocysts).

Unlike many foodborne bacteria, Cyclospora infections often takes two days to two weeks or more to cause illness after exposure, making it difficult for investigators to identify the original source.

Although the illness is usually not life-threatening, it can cause prolonged diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue, bloating, and weight loss.

Fresh produce is the most common source of infection, though contaminated water can also spread the parasite. Health officials have not advised people to avoid fresh produce, as investigators have not yet identified the exact food responsible for the current outbreak.

Yet, previous US Cyclospora outbreaks have frequently been linked to imported fresh produce, including:

• Basil
• Cilantro
• Mesclun lettuce
• Raspberries
• Snow peas

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Handwashing Matters More Than Hand Sanitizer

Experts emphasize that proper handwashing with soap and water remains one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of infection.

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers do not kill Cyclospora, making soap and water essential after using the bathroom and before preparing or eating food.

"This type of parasite doesn't easily go away with alcohol-based hand sanitizer. So, good old handwashing is really key here," ABC News medical correspondent Dr. Darien Sutton said.

How To Clean Fresh Produce Safely

While washing produce cannot eliminate all risk, experts say it can reduce contamination. They advised washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly under clean running water, and washing hands before and after handling fresh produce.

According to the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, cooking produce whenever possible during an active outbreak is crucial, as heating food to at least 158°F (70°C) kills Cyclospora.

For specific produce, it suggested:

• Cilantro and basil: Separate the leaves and rinse each thoroughly under running water.
• Green onions: Trim off the roots, remove the outer layer, and rinse well.
• Snow peas: Rub the surface gently while washing under running water.
• Raspberries: Because of their delicate, uneven surface, raspberries are difficult to clean thoroughly. Cooking them in pies or jams is safer. Freezing may reduce the number of parasites but is unlikely to eliminate them completely.
• Leafy greens: If possible, choose whole heads of lettuce instead of bagged salad mixes. Discard the outer leaves and wash the remaining leaves under running water before eating.

The UK has reported an outbreak of crusted scabies, a rare and highly contagious form of scabies, prompting the temporary closure of a hospital ward in Wales.

According to the Hywel Dda University Health Board, Steffan Ward at Glangwili Hospital in Carmarthen has been temporarily closed while the outbreak is managed under established infection prevention and control measures, according to the BBC.

Health officials said all patients and staff identified as close contacts have been informed and offered treatment, even if they are not showing symptoms. Enhanced infection control measures, including monitoring, treatment of identified contacts, and specialist support, have also been put in place.

Officials added that a recent rise in scabies cases across Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, and Ceredigion has contributed to outbreaks in healthcare settings. The ward will reopen once it is deemed safe under infection control guidance.

What Is Crusted Scabies?

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Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The mites burrow into the upper layer of the skin, where they lay eggs, triggering an allergic reaction that causes intense itching and a rash.

However, the crusted scabies—previously known as Norwegian scabies—is a severe form of the infestation in which the skin develops thick, crusted plaques that may crack and become inflamed, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Unlike classic scabies, patients with crusted scabies may not experience severe itching or develop the typical rash, making the condition more difficult to recognize. However, they can carry up to two million mites and eggs, making them extremely contagious.

Because of the heavy mite burden, crusted scabies can rapidly spread in healthcare facilities and long-term care homes if not identified and treated promptly. It may also lead to serious complications, including secondary bacterial infections and sepsis.

Who Is Most at Risk?

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People at increased risk of developing crusted scabies include:

• Older adults
• People with weakened immune systems, including those living with HIV/AIDS
• Individuals with conditions that reduce the ability to itch or scratch, such as spinal cord injuries, paralysis, loss of sensation, or severe neurological or behavioral disorders

How Can Crusted Scabies Be Prevented?

Preventing outbreaks requires rapid diagnosis, prompt treatment, and strict infection control measures.

Health authorities recommend:

• Identifying and treating all close contacts, including household members, caregivers, and sexual partners
• Isolating affected individuals when necessary
• Washing or decontaminating bedding, clothing, and towels used by infected patients
• Maintaining strict hygiene and environmental cleaning in healthcare settings

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

Early diagnosis is critical to preventing further transmission. Since crusted scabies may not present with the classic symptoms of itching and rash, healthcare professionals play an important role in recognizing the condition.

Only a qualified healthcare provider can confirm the diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment. Prompt medical care helps reduce the risk of complications and prevents outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, and other communal settings.

The Chandipura virus (CHPV), a rare but potentially fatal brain infection, has claimed the lives of three young children in Gujarat and Rajasthan, raising concerns during the ongoing monsoon season when insect-borne diseases become more common.

A six-year-old boy from Rajasthan with a confirmed Chandipura virus infection died at the Civil Hospital in Himmatnagar, Gujarat's Sabarkantha district, officials said on July 9.

According to Resident Medical Officer Dr. Vipul Jani, seven children aged between 2 and 11 years with suspected CHPV infection were admitted to the hospital between June 26 and July 9.

The child with confirmed infection was identified as Rajkumar Damor (6), a resident of Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Two girls—a two-year-old from Rajasthan and a three-year-old from Sabarkantha, Gujarat—are currently undergoing treatment, while laboratory reports are awaited. Another three-year-old boy tested negative and has been discharged.

What Is Chandipura Virus?

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an insect-borne virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family and the Vesiculovirus genus. It was first identified in 1965 in Chandipura village in Maharashtra.

The virus is transmitted primarily through phlebotomine sandflies, although mosquitoes and ticks may also play a role in transmission.

Also read: Leptospirosis In Monsoon: Expert Explains Why Early Detection & Prevention Is A Must

Most cases have been reported from central and western India, particularly during the monsoon and post-monsoon months when sandfly populations increase.

While some infections remain mild, the virus can rapidly invade the brain, causing acute encephalitis (brain inflammation), seizures, coma and even death, especially in children.

"In some children, Chandipura virus can cause severe brain inflammation and become life-threatening within a short period," said Dr. Kanchankumar Bhagyawant, Consultant Paediatrician and Neonatologist at Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune.

Symptoms Of Chandipura Virus Infection

Symptoms usually begin suddenly and may initially resemble other viral illnesses. The expert urged to watch out for:

• Sudden high fever
• Severe headache
• Vomiting
• Excessive sleepiness or reduced activity
• Irritability or behavioural changes
• Convulsions or seizures
• Loss of consciousness in severe cases

"Parents should never ignore a fever lasting more than three days if it is accompanied by repeated vomiting, seizures, confusion or excessive sleepiness. Seeking immediate medical care can be lifesaving," Dr. Bhagyawant said.

Why Are Children More At Risk?

Also read: As Cyclospora Cases Surge In The US, Expert Explains Why India's Monsoon Raises Risk Of The Parasitic Infection

According to Dr. Bhagyawant, children below 15 years, especially those living in rural and semi-rural areas, are the most vulnerable to Chandipura virus infection. Although adults can be infected, severe disease is far less common.

"The Chandipura virus infects young children, leading to inflammation of the brain called encephalitis," Dr. Rajeev Jayadevan, former President of the Indian Medical Association (IMA) Cochin and Convener of the Research Cell, Kerala told HealthandMe.

Children are at greater risk because of several factors:

• Immature immune system: Young children have fewer antibodies and are less able to fight new viral infections.
• Higher exposure: Outdoor play increases contact with sandflies, particularly during the monsoon.
• Limited prior immunity: Most children have not been previously exposed to the virus.
• Rapid disease progression: The virus can multiply quickly, overwhelming a child's immune system.
• Developing brain: Children's brains are more vulnerable to encephalitis and neurological damage.
• Delayed diagnosis: Early symptoms resemble common viral infections, delaying treatment.
• Limited healthcare access: Rural areas may have fewer diagnostic and treatment facilities.
• Poor vector control: Inadequate measures to control sandflies increase the risk of transmission.

How Can Chandipura Virus Infection Be Prevented?

"There are no known anti-virals or vaccines, which means that our treatment is dependent on the patient receiving early medical attention and supportive care. Children are the victims. Vector control, avoiding bites, especially in monsoon seasons is important," Jayadevan said.

Dr. Bhagyawant recommended:

• Use mosquito or sandfly nets, especially for children at night.
• Apply age-appropriate insect repellents.
• Dress children in full-sleeved clothing and long pants.
• Keep homes and surroundings clean.
• Eliminate stagnant water and improve sanitation around homes and animal shelters.
• Install window screens where possible.
• Seek immediate medical attention if a child develops a high fever along with vomiting, seizures or altered consciousness.