On Thursday, Uganda confirmed an outbreak of the Ebola virus in its capital city Kampala, with the first confirmed patient dying from it a day before. As per the new developments, the officials are now preparing to deploy a trial vaccine to put an end to this outbreak.

Groups of scientists are working on the vaccine and deployment of more than 2,000 doses of a candidate vaccine against the Sudan strain of Ebola has been planned and confirmed by the Uganda Virus Research Institute. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Uganda has access to 2,169 doses of trial vaccine. For now, however, there are no approved vaccines for the strain and officials are still investigating the source of the outbreak.

The WHO had also allocated $1 million from its contingency fund for emergencies to support quick action and contain the outbreak in the country.

Confirmed Case

On Wednesday, the Sudan strain of Ebola killed a nurse employed at Kampala's main referral hospital. It is after his death that Ebola was declared an outbreak in the country. Post-mortem samples too have confirmed the Sudan Ebola Virus Disease and at least 44 contacts of the deceased man have been listed for tracing. 30 of these are health workers.

Ebola is a highly infectious hemorrhagic fever, which is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and tissue. Symptoms include headache, vomiting of blood, muscle pains and bleeding.

it was in the late 2022, when Uganda had last suffered an Ebola outbreak. It killed 55 of the 143 people who were infected and was declared over on January 11, 2023.

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

As per the WHO, Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but severe illness in humans and is often fatal. People can get infected with the virus if they touch an infected animal when preparing food, or touch body fluids of an infected person such as saliva, urine, faeces or semen, or things that have body fluids of an infected person like clothes or sheets.

How Does Transmission Work?

Ebola enters the body through cuts in the skin or when one is touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue and headache.

It was first discovered in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreak, when in Nzara, South Sudan and other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred near a village near the Ebola River, which is where it gets its name from.

It is highly infectious and transmissible disease, in fact, there have been cases of health-care workers who have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not practiced strictly.

Cases of people conducted burial ceremonies, involving direct contact with the body of the deceased too can lead to the transmission of Ebola. Even after the long suffering and recovery, there is a possibility of sexual transmission. Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover may still carry the virus in their breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues.

Symptoms:

• feeling tired
• headache
• muscle and joint pain
• eye pain and vision problems
• weight gain
• belly pain and loss of appetite
• hair loss and skin problems
• trouble sleeping
• memory loss
• hearing loss
• depression and anxiety

American drugmaker Eli Lilly has sued six companies in the US over the alleged illegal sale of its experimental weight-loss drug retatrutide.

In a statement, Lilly said that the lawsuits target US entities allegedly selling illegal retatrutide products, claiming that their products are for “research use only” while allegedly marketing them for human use. These include

• compounding pharmacies,
• medical spas
• online sellers.

“Retatrutide is being rigorously studied as part of a comprehensive clinical trial development program,” said David A. Hyman, Lilly’s chief medical officer.

“We take the responsibility of evaluating the safety and efficacy of our investigational medicines seriously. What is being sold on the black market is not a medicine – it is entirely unverified, unapproved and not worth the risk,” he added.

Which Six Companies Is Lilly Suing?

Lilly has filed lawsuits against:

• Aesthetic Envy Cosmetic Centers LLC, doing business as Aesthetic Envy
• Astra LLC, doing business as Astra Peptides
• Legendary Peptides, LLC
• Striker Pharmacy, LLC
• Texas Peptides Inc
• Lone Star Peptide Co

Black-Market Retatrutide

Lilly said it has referred more than 200 individuals and entities to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the US Department of Justice, state attorneys general, law enforcement agencies and professional licensing boards.

The company is also working with regulators, law enforcement and customs authorities worldwide to address the illegal market.

Lilly urged social media and e-commerce platforms, credit card companies, payment processors, and shipping and logistics companies used by sellers to help protect patients and tackle the illicit activity.

The drugmaker noted that it has reported more than 14,000 websites, advertisements, social media posts and product listings that allegedly market retatrutide unlawfully across more than 100 countries to internet service providers, social media platforms and e-commerce companies.

FDA Says Unapproved Retatrutide Is Illegal

The US FDA has made clear that selling unapproved retatrutide directly to consumers is illegal. Retatrutide also cannot be lawfully compounded.

The FDA has warned that so-called “research-use only” products are of unknown quality and may pose risks to consumers’ health.

Black-market sellers and businesses posing as legitimate medical providers have openly marketed retatrutide as a weight-loss “hack.”

According to Lilly, such products are frequently made by unregulated foreign manufacturers. Regulators, customs agencies and law enforcement authorities worldwide have warned about these products and have taken actions including raiding clandestine manufacturing sites, seizing shipments and making arrests.

What Is Retatrutide?

Retatrutide is one of Eli Lilly’s next-generation obesity treatments and is currently under development. Unlike Lilly’s currently approved GLP-1 drugs, retatrutide activates three hormone receptors: GLP-1, GIP and glucagon.

Researchers believe this triple-action approach could help people lose excess weight by reducing appetite while also increasing energy expenditure.

Retatrutide Shows Promise in Trials

Retatrutide has attracted significant interest after late-stage clinical trials showed some of the highest weight-loss outcomes reported with an obesity medication. In Phase 3 studies, adults without diabetes who received the highest dose lost more than 28% of their body weight over 80 weeks.

Lilly plans to submit retatrutide for approval to the US FDA in the first quarter of 2027.

President Donald Trump on Monday signed an executive order calling for fewer routine childhood vaccinations and directing the Justice Department to challenge state vaccine laws, a move swiftly rejected by physicians and vaccine makers.

The order, signed on August 10, calls for childhood vaccines to be administered at separate medical visits whenever possible and narrows federal recommendations to vaccines against 11 core diseases.

"For too long, America recommended more childhood vaccines than any peer nation. No longer," the White House share in a post on X.

It also directs federal health agencies to develop a plan for separate measles, mumps and rubella vaccines, which are currently not available as individual shots in the US.

What Does the Executive Order Say?

The executive order, titled “Delivering Gold Standard Childhood Vaccine Recommendations for Americans,” cuts the number of vaccines recommended for all children from 18 to 11.

• Immunizations recommended for all children: Measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), pneumococcal disease, human papillomavirus (HPV), and varicella (chickenpox).

• Immunizations recommended for certain high-risk groups or populations: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibodies, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, meningococcal B, meningococcal ACWY, and dengue for children with certain underlying conditions or specific exposure risks.

• Immunizations based on shared clinical decision-making: Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rotavirus, meningococcal disease, influenza, and COVID-19 are to be considered in consultation with a doctor based on the child’s individual circumstances.

Splitting the MMR Vaccine

Also read: Donald Trump Signs Order To Split MMR Vaccine: Is It Safe For Children?

The order calls for the combined MMR vaccine to be replaced by separate measles, mumps, and rubella shots.

The MMR vaccine currently protects children against all three diseases with a combination shot. Under existing CDC guidance, children receive two doses, generally at 12 to 15 months and again at 4 to 6 years.

Trump claimed that “there could be a possibility” the MMR vaccine is “quite lethal,” but said that when separated, the vaccines are “not at all lethal, but just very effective.”

Trump also suggested that vaccines cause autism, despite a lack of scientific evidence showing a link.

The CDC and many major medical groups have long recommended the combined vaccine because it reduces the number of injections and lowers the risk that children will miss protection against one of the three diseases.

When Will the Order Be Implemented?

The new executive order does not immediately replace the current CDC childhood immunization schedule. It, instead, directs the HHS Task Force on Safer Childhood Vaccines to develop plans within 90 days to assess vaccine timing and sequencing and adjust the federal schedule as appropriate and consistent with applicable law.

There are also logistical hurdles. Individual measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are not currently licensed in the US. The combined MMR vaccine is manufactured by Merck and GSK for the US market. Merck stopped making single-disease shots for measles, mumps and rubella in 2008, and such vaccines are not routinely used in most other countries.

Merck and GSK said there is no published scientific evidence supporting separation of the vaccines and that decades of evidence support the safety of the combined MMR vaccine.

“Even under current expedited review pathways, it could take years — potentially as many as 10 — to meet the safety and efficacy requirements to obtain FDA approval and then begin manufacturing and commercialization” of single-disease shots, Merck said.

Dr. Andrew Racine, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, said that although it is possible to separate the MMR vaccine into its individual components, each component would need to be manufactured and tested.

“They wouldn't be able to do that probably for another 10 years, and there's no indication that they have any interest in doing that,” Racine was quoted by Reuters as saying.

Read More: Amid Cyclospora, Salmonella Outbreaks, US FDA Issues Guidance on Ready-to-Eat Produce

WHO expresses Concern

Taking to social media platform X, WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that “vaccines are among the most powerful tools” for keeping children safe and “making deadly diseases preventable.”

Expressing concern about the changes to US immunization policy, the WHO said they “are not aligned with decades of evidence that show when children are most vulnerable to disease, when vaccines provide the strongest protection, how many doses are needed, and which vaccines can be given together safely.”

“The current evidence is unequivocal: vaccines — including the MMR vaccine — are safe and do not cause autism,” he said, adding that “delaying vaccines or separating doses unnecessarily does not make vaccination safer and can leave children unprotected.”

Dr. Andrew Racine, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, said the announcement could create unnecessary uncertainty for families.

“Science about vaccines and their efficacy has not changed,” Racine said.

People working night shifts were nearly twice as likely to develop long COVID, according to a new study.

Researchers at Spain’s ISGlobal said no previous study had examined whether disruption of the body’s biological clock could increase the risk of developing long COVID.

“Our findings suggest that circadian disruption plays a role in the transition from acute infection to persistent symptoms,” said Manolis Kogevinas, an ISGlobal researcher.

Published in the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, the study also found that chronic insomnia further increased the risk, highlighting the potential importance of healthy sleep habits in preventing long COVID and other post-acute infectious syndromes.

Night Shift Raises Long COVID Risk

Also read: Long COVID Patients May Face Brain Fog & Fatigue Due To Reduction In Dopamine? New Study Explains

The research team followed 2,941 adults in Catalonia between 2021 and 2023. Among the 1,899 participants who became infected with SARS-CoV-2, 284 developed long COVID during the two-year follow-up.

Long COVID was defined as persistent symptoms lasting more than three months after infection.

Compared with day workers, people who worked night shifts had an 88% higher risk of developing long COVID. This was after accounting for other factors, including vaccination history and chronic diseases.

The association was stronger among night workers with obesity.

Importantly, the increased risk was seen in both current and former night workers, suggesting that it may reflect longer-term effects of circadian disruption rather than short-term changes.

However, night-shift work was not associated with a higher risk of infection. This suggests that disruption of the biological clock may influence how the body recovers from infection rather than the likelihood of catching the virus.

Chronic Insomnia Further Raises Risk

Read More: Amid Cyclospora, Salmonella Outbreaks, US FDA Issues Guidance on Ready-to-Eat Produce

The researchers found that chronic insomnia independently increased the risk of long COVID by 42%, regardless of night shift work.

The two factors also appeared to have a synergistic effect. Night shift workers with chronic insomnia were 2.7 times more likely to develop long COVID than day workers without insomnia.

The biological mechanisms behind the association are not yet fully understood. Researchers noted that the time of day when the body encounters a pathogen may influence the immune response. Disruption of the biological clock may also impair the immune system’s ability to clear an infection.

Could Better Sleep Help Prevent Long COVID?

With insomnia becoming increasingly common, the researchers highlighted the need to better understand the short- and long-term effects of disturbed sleep on infection-related outcomes.

The findings suggest that sleep may be a potentially modifiable factor in reducing the risk of long COVID and other post-infectious conditions.

“Promoting healthy sleep habits and minimizing circadian disruption could represent simple, low-cost strategies to reduce the long-term consequences of viral infections, particularly among people who work night shifts,” Kogevinas said.

What is Long COVID?

Long COVID is a debilitating condition that can persist for months or even years after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID is an infection-associated chronic condition marked by fatigue, cognitive impairment, exercise intolerance, and multisystem dysfunction.

It has affected an estimated 400 million people worldwide and continues to have significant health, social, and economic consequences. Despite the ongoing risk, prevention strategies have received relatively little attention.