On Thursday, Uganda confirmed an outbreak of the Ebola virus in its capital city Kampala, with the first confirmed patient dying from it a day before. As per the new developments, the officials are now preparing to deploy a trial vaccine to put an end to this outbreak.

Groups of scientists are working on the vaccine and deployment of more than 2,000 doses of a candidate vaccine against the Sudan strain of Ebola has been planned and confirmed by the Uganda Virus Research Institute. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Uganda has access to 2,169 doses of trial vaccine. For now, however, there are no approved vaccines for the strain and officials are still investigating the source of the outbreak.

The WHO had also allocated $1 million from its contingency fund for emergencies to support quick action and contain the outbreak in the country.

Confirmed Case

On Wednesday, the Sudan strain of Ebola killed a nurse employed at Kampala's main referral hospital. It is after his death that Ebola was declared an outbreak in the country. Post-mortem samples too have confirmed the Sudan Ebola Virus Disease and at least 44 contacts of the deceased man have been listed for tracing. 30 of these are health workers.

Ebola is a highly infectious hemorrhagic fever, which is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and tissue. Symptoms include headache, vomiting of blood, muscle pains and bleeding.

it was in the late 2022, when Uganda had last suffered an Ebola outbreak. It killed 55 of the 143 people who were infected and was declared over on January 11, 2023.

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

As per the WHO, Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but severe illness in humans and is often fatal. People can get infected with the virus if they touch an infected animal when preparing food, or touch body fluids of an infected person such as saliva, urine, faeces or semen, or things that have body fluids of an infected person like clothes or sheets.

How Does Transmission Work?

Ebola enters the body through cuts in the skin or when one is touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue and headache.

It was first discovered in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreak, when in Nzara, South Sudan and other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred near a village near the Ebola River, which is where it gets its name from.

It is highly infectious and transmissible disease, in fact, there have been cases of health-care workers who have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not practiced strictly.

Cases of people conducted burial ceremonies, involving direct contact with the body of the deceased too can lead to the transmission of Ebola. Even after the long suffering and recovery, there is a possibility of sexual transmission. Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover may still carry the virus in their breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues.

Symptoms:

• feeling tired
• headache
• muscle and joint pain
• eye pain and vision problems
• weight gain
• belly pain and loss of appetite
• hair loss and skin problems
• trouble sleeping
• memory loss
• hearing loss
• depression and anxiety

A dangerous heat dome is expected to engulf much of the eastern United States this week, exposing more than 220 million people to extreme heat as Americans prepare for the Fourth of July holiday weekend.

After scorching parts of Europe with record-breaking temperatures, the heatwave is now forecast to bring dangerously high daytime temperatures, oppressive humidity and unusually warm nights across much of the US, according to the National Weather Service (NWS).

"Dangerous, record-breaking heat will intensify across most of the central and eastern U.S. this week. Heat indices will likely exceed 100 degrees. Severe thunderstorms are forecast from parts of the central High Plains into the Upper Midwest, and across parts of the Northeast. Critical fire weather conditions will continue across portions of the Four Corners and Great Basin," the NWS said.

Which Areas Will Be Most Affected?

The heat dome is expected to expand across the central and eastern United States, with the most intense heat peaking over the Midwest and Mississippi Valley by Thursday before spreading into the Ohio Valley and the East Coast through the holiday weekend.

Cities including New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. are forecast to see temperatures climb into the 100s°F (38°C and above).

Forecasters expect more than 100 daily temperature records and about 250 record-warm overnight temperatures through Saturday.

The heatwave will also extend into Canada, particularly southern Ontario and southern Quebec.

According to Environment Canada, millions of Canadians are under yellow and orange heat alerts, with advisories issued across Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories.

Temperatures in parts of Ontario and Quebec are expected to reach 34°C to 37°C on July 1 and July 2, coinciding with the Canada Day

holiday and the FIFA Club World Cup match in Toronto.

Heat Alerts In Effect

Extreme Heat Warnings have been issued for several major US cities, including:

• Nashville
• St. Louis
• Cincinnati
• Kansas City
• Des Moines
• Chicago
• Detroit

Extreme Heat Watches cover much of the Northeast, where temperatures are expected to exceed 100°F (38°C) through Saturday.

Southern cities including Dallas, Little Rock and Memphis are also expected to face dangerous heat.

Meanwhile, the Four Corners region—covering parts of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona—remains under critical fire weather conditions.

How Are Authorities Preparing?

Temperatures between 95°F and 105°F (35°C to 40.6°C), combined with high humidity, are expected to push the heat index to 100°F-115°F (38°C-46°C). Some areas could also break monthly or all-time temperature records.

Authorities have urged residents to limit outdoor activities, stay hydrated and seek air-conditioned spaces or cooling centres.

In New York City, Mayor Zohran Mamdani has activated the city's heat emergency plan, with hundreds of cooling centres opening across the city.

In Detroit, where temperatures could reach 100°F (38°C), officials have opened a dozen air-conditioned recreation centres for residents.

The extreme heat could also affect the FIFA Club World Cup, with some matches expected to exceed the heat-index threshold considered unsafe by the global players' union FIFPRO. Texas is expected to experience the hottest conditions, particularly affecting fans travelling to and from stadiums in Houston and Arlington.

In Canada, the heatwave has prompted officials to establish mobile drinking water stations in parks and extend public swimming pool hours to help residents cope with the extreme temperatures.

How To Stay Safe During Extreme Heat

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says extreme heat can affect anyone. Warning signs include muscle cramps, dizziness, heavy sweating, headaches, nausea, weakness and shortness of breath.

To stay safe one must:

• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water and avoid excessive caffeine and alcohol.
• Dress for the heat: Wear loose-fitting, light-colored clothing and a wide-brimmed hat.
• Use sunscreen: Apply SPF 30+ before going outdoors.
• Seek cooler spaces: Stay in shaded or air-conditioned areas whenever possible.
• Cool your body: Use wet towels, misting fans or cool water to lower body temperature.
• Recognize heat illness: Seek medical help immediately if symptoms such as confusion, dizziness or nausea worsen.
• Take extra precautions: People with chronic medical conditions or those taking regular medications should consult their doctor on staying safe during extreme heat.

Researchers at a Florida-based university claim that a tiny marine animal found in Antarctica can help scientists develop a new treatment for melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. These marine animals are ascidians, invertebrates known as sea squirts. Belonging to the group of tunicates, they mostly thrive in icy water.

Sea Squirts May Help Treat Melanoma

Certain species of marine animals have proven to be useful in the treatment of various types of cancer. The latest ones are ascidians or sea squirts.

Researchers from the University of South Florida (USF) claim that sea squirts, small tube-shaped marine animals that produce protective chemicals, can help fight an aggressive form of skin cancer called melanoma.

Scientists say that these sea squirts have a bacterium that makes a toxic compound. In the early stages of the study, it was found that this compound is capable of killing melanoma cells without harming healthy cells.

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The Study Addresses A Significant Challenge In Cancer Treatment

One of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment is finding drugs that destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. With this study, scientists say this compound produced by the bacteria inside Antarctic sea squirts can do exactly that, marking a significant milestone in cancer research.

In experiments conducted on mice, it was seen that the compound killed melanoma cells without causing serious harm to the rodents, making it a promising candidate for future drug development.

Even though it shows immense promise, the research is still in its early stages. Before the compound can be tested in people, scientists need to confirm that it is safe and effective in larger animal studies. Clinical trials on humans may still take a while.

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There is also a challenge of harvesting large numbers of sea squirts from Antarctica, as it would damage the fragile ecosystem. To avoid that, researchers are now working on creating the compound in the laboratory instead.

Despite encouraging results, it remains an experimental approach, and several years of research and clinical testing will be needed before it can become a trusted and proven therapy for melanoma.

Marine Animals’ Contribution In Cancer Treatment

Ecteinascidia turbinata, a colonial marine invertebrate, commonly called the golden sea squirt, has contributed to the development of Trabectedin, a chemotherapy drug, used to treat soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer.

One of the significant cancer breakthroughs was due to sea sponges. They led to the development of Cytarabine, a chemotherapy medication that has been significant in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and certain lymphomas for decades.

Sea cucumbers contain natural substances that can slow the growth and spread of cancer cells. Although research is still in its early stages, the results have been promising.

Researchers also found a powerful anti-cancer compound called dolastatin in sea hares. It inspired targeted cancer drugs that deliver treatment directly to cancer cells while reducing harm to healthy cells.

For the first time, starting July 1, people in the US will be able to access GLP-1 drugs for weight loss through a new pilot program offered by the federal health insurance program Medicare.

Until now, Medicare covered GLP-1 medications such as Ozempic only for certain conditions like diabetes, but not for weight loss.

The new 18-month Medicare GLP-1 Bridge Program, which will run till the end of 2027, aims to make these high-cost weight-loss medications more accessible to eligible beneficiaries.

According to a KFF analysis of 2023 Part D enrollment data, an estimated 3.8 million Medicare beneficiaries could qualify for the program.

More than 70 per cent of adults in the United States are considered to have obesity or screen as overweight. Studies have proven that GLP-1s are an effective tool in weight reduction, as well as improving other markers of good health, such as blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood sugar levels.

What Drugs Will Be Covered?

Eligible beneficiaries will be able to access the following GLP-1 weight-loss medications:

• Novo Nordisk's Wegovy injections and tablets
• Eli Lilly's Foundayo tablets
• Eli Lilly's Zepbound KwikPen

The medications will be covered only when prescribed for weight management and when beneficiaries meet the program's medical eligibility criteria.

Who Will Be Eligible?

The program is available only to certain members of Medicare Part D prescription drug plans who want to lose excess weight and maintain weight loss.

Although the program operates outside standard Medicare Part D coverage, beneficiaries can participate only if they are enrolled in:

• An eligible stand-alone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan under Original Medicare, or
• An eligible Medicare Advantage plan that includes prescription drug coverage.

People enrolled in certain less common Medicare plans, including the Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), may also qualify if they also have a stand-alone Part D plan, Washington Post reported.

According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), most of Medicare's approximately 57 million Part D enrollees are in eligible plans.

However, coverage is not automatic. Providers and pharmacists will identify eligible patients, submit the required forms and obtain prior authorization before treatment can begin. Claims, prior authorization requests and pharmacy payments will be handled by Humana, while Part D plans will not be involved in the process.

How Much Will It Cost?

Eligible beneficiaries will pay a $50 monthly copay for the covered medications.

However, because the program operates outside Medicare Part D coverage:

• The $50 copay will not count toward a beneficiary's Part D deductible.
• It also will not count toward the 2026 Part D annual out-of-pocket spending cap of $2,100.
• The copay is not eligible for the Medicare Prescription Payment Plan, which allows beneficiaries to spread prescription drug costs throughout the year.

What Happens After 2027?

The pilot program is temporary and is scheduled to end in December 2027, unless it is extended.

"It's certainly good news for Medicare beneficiaries who have been essentially shut out of the market for GLP-1s for weight loss if they wanted to use insurance coverage. However, it is a temporary program. It is not a permanent change in Medicare coverage," said Juliette Cubanski, Vice President and Director of Medicare Policy at KFF.

If the program is not extended, beneficiaries who rely on the medications may have to pay higher out-of-pocket prices or discontinue treatment beginning in January 2028, which experts said could lead to weight regain based on current GLP-1 therapies, the Post reported.