As the number of migrants and refugees continue to grow due to wars, famine, disease etc, so does that of people living with dementia. Healthcare experts are warning of an escalating health emergency among aging displaced populations, and stating that dementia among migrants is not only on the increase, but commonly undiagnosed and unsupported. This piece uncovers the complex connection between displacement, stress, and dementia to determine whether it is solely the displacement that results in this increased incidence or if prolonged stress plays a crucial part in the illness.

The recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO) presents a dismal picture of rising numbers of elderly migrants suffering from dementia. The population of individuals aged 60 and older who reside outside their native countries has increased by nearly two-thirds in the past three decades. In 1990, it stood at approximately 25.5 million; by 2020, it had risen to 48.2 million. This demographic trend translates to more and more older persons being at risk of developing dementia, a condition more commonly linked with the elderly, especially those in their sixties and beyond.

This growth has been particularly fast in areas like Western Asia, encompassing the Middle East, a refugee hotspot from conflict, including Syria and Afghanistan. The WHO has pointed out that a third of the world's refugees hail from these two war-stricken nations, and as they get older, the risk of dementia increases.

Does Displacement Influence Dementia Risk?

Although there is no direct connection between migration and the risk of dementia, experts are increasingly analyzing how forced migration may amplify health risks. Upending life instantly, displacement also comes with accompanying trauma, financial uncertainty, lack of food security, and access to healthcare limitations—each having the potential to complicate both mental and physical conditions, such as dementia.

The trauma of displacement, as well as the difficulties of adapting to new settings, may be central to the acceleration of cognitive decline. There is mounting evidence, says Dr. Marco Canevelli of Sapienza University in Rome, that the barriers to healthcare for migrants—language barriers, low health literacy, and absence of access to medical resources—result in an under-diagnosis of dementia. Migrants cannot always obtain the proper care to receive an accurate diagnosis," he explained in a WHO press briefing.

Is Long-Term Stress To Blame For Dementia Among Migrants?

Among the most compelling questions about how dementia has been increasing among displaced populations is how long-term stress affects it. Chronic stress, particularly if incurred in early childhood or over very long periods of time, has disastrous consequences on brain function. For most migrants and refugees, the stress of escaping war zones, adapting to new and sometimes hostile surroundings, and living in economic uncertainty is not only short-term but chronic. This chronic burden of stress may well hasten the development of dementia, especially in those who are prone to cognitive decline.

The brain reacts to stress by releasing cortisol, a hormone that, when present in excess over long durations, can have a detrimental effect on the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning and memory. Chronic stress can therefore impair cognitive function, leading to the development of symptoms of dementia.

In addition, studies indicate that migrants are more likely to suffer from greater psychological distress, especially following traumatic events such as war, persecution, and natural disasters. The cumulative psychological and emotional burden of these experiences may be a factor in increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative illnesses such as dementia.

Why Care is Challenging for Migrants with Dementia?

The challenges for people with dementia among migrants go far beyond diagnosis—as they also struggle to access needed care. It is reported in research by Edith Cowan University (ECU) alongside HammondCare that immigrants with dementia tend to be seen with signs of agitation and aggression, one of the challenging behaviors that cultural and language gaps can make even worse. To compare, other patients with dementia who are non-immigrants present more typical features such as hallucinations and delusions.

These behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a frequent phenomenon, but they can differ widely depending on the cultural background of the individual. The research indicates that cultural variations have a profound impact on how dementia symptoms are expressed and how caregivers should react to them. For caregivers, usually family members with little support, dementia care in a foreign country can be a daunting and lonely experience. Language issues, lack of knowledge regarding dementia, and a lack of access to specialized care only serve to complicate the problem.

The growth of dementia in migrants highlights the imperative for rapid policy intervention to tackle both the prevention and management of migrants with dementia. The WHO report underscored that refugees and migrants with dementia need to have their health needs acknowledged and incorporated into general health systems, particularly during crisis and emergency phases. This encompasses ensuring improved access to diagnosis, care, and treatment for ageing migrants who are vulnerable to dementia.

Besides healthcare access, cultural competence within healthcare systems needs to be enhanced. Healthcare providers need to be trained to identify the specific needs of migrants and refugees with dementia, particularly in the recognition of cultural factors that might impact symptoms and care strategies.

As the number of displaced persons keeps increasing, it is imperative that the international health community recognizes the increasing burden of dementia among migrants and refugees. To address this looming health crisis, policymakers should ensure that migrants and refugees are provided with quality care and dementia services specific to their needs. As the WHO itself reminds us, the health requirements of these at-risk groups cannot be overlooked, and their difficulties in accessing care must be addressed to secure their well-being.

Ultimately, the development of dementia among migrants is not so much about the displacement process but also about the chronic stress and trauma that are a part of it. Uncovering the underlying causes of dementia in these groups will be imperative to establishing effective prevention strategies and care systems that enhance the quality of life for older migrants globally.

Women are frequently overmedicated, which leads to an increased risk of adverse side effects, a recent study conducted by scientists from the University of Chicago and the University of California discovered. This discrepancy arises because drug dosages are typically based on trials conducted predominantly on male subjects. "Drugs are optimized from the beginning to work on male bodies," explained Professor Brian Prendergast, a psychologist at the University of Chicago and co-author of the study. He also added that there was a need to immediately reevaluate the widespread practice of prescribing the same doses to men and women.

Side-Effects Range From Nausea To Seizures

It has long been recognized by scientists and medical professionals that women experience more side effects from medications than men, even when doses are adjusted for body weight. These side effects can range from mild symptoms such as headaches and nausea to more severe reactions like bleeding and seizures. Historically, women were excluded from clinical drug trials due to the mistaken belief that hormonal fluctuations would distort test results.

'Biomedical Science Is Done On Men, By Men'

"For much of the time it’s been practiced, biomedical science has been done by men, on men," said Prendergast. "It even starts in the petri dish: Most cell lines used in early tests are male, and then drugs are tested on male lab animals."

It is pertinent to note that since 1993, the National Institutes of Health has mandated the inclusion of both men and women in clinical trials, with stricter enforcement following a pivotal 2014 study co-authored by Prendergast. That study demonstrated that hormonal cycles in female mice did not interfere with drug testing outcomes.

Despite these regulations, women remain underrepresented in many drug trials, and studies that do include them often fail to analyze or publish sex-specific data. Moreover, numerous medications approved before the 1993 mandate remain in use without adjustments for sex-based differences in drug metabolism.

Study Identifies 86 Drugs With Sex Difference

The study was published on June 5 in the journal Biology of Sex Differences. For the trials, Prendergast and co-author Irving Zucker of UC Berkeley analyzed publicly available data from clinical drug studies. They identified 86 drugs that exhibited clear sex differences in metabolism. The findings revealed that women metabolize nearly all these drugs more slowly than men, resulting in prolonged exposure and, in 96% of cases, significantly higher rates of adverse side effects.

The medications examined include widely used drugs such as aspirin, morphine, and heparin, along with common antidepressants like sertraline and bupropion.

While every individual metabolizes medications differently, women generally retain drugs in their bloodstream and tissues longer than men. The liver and kidneys also process drugs at varying rates between sexes, an effect that persists even when dosage is adjusted for body weight.

“The reasons for these big differences are not fully understood, but this is a really striking result and a wake-up call,” Prendergast stated.

Study Proposes Several Recommendations

To address this issue, the study’s authors propose several recommendations. They advocate for the FDA to disclose the gender composition of study participants in clinical trial data, label drugs known to have sex-based metabolic differences, and ensure that this information is integrated into medical education.

"There are a lot of drugs that are prescribed on a ‘one-size-fits-all’ basis, and it’s clear that this doesn’t always work," Prendergast emphasized. "Especially for drugs that we already know have a wide therapeutic range—meaning a broad range of doses can be effective—we could do a much better job of adjusting dosages based on sex."

This approach would involve starting women on lower doses and gradually increasing the amount until achieving optimal efficacy with minimal side effects. "We have an opportunity to do this better," Prendergast concluded. "This information needs to be widely available."

Eating a well-balanced, nutrient-rich diet can prove to be a magic bullet for your health and well-being, including reproductive health. Certain foods, such as spinach, carrots, and avocados, contain key nutrients that contribute to improved blood flow and hormone balance.

The foods you consume provide essential nutrients that fuel the body, including sexual organs. Some studies suggest that maintaining a well-balanced diet may help reduce the likelihood of erectile dysfunction. Below are eight foods that may support sexual health and testosterone levels.

Fruits & Vegetables That Can Prevent Erectile Dysfunction

1. Spinach

Spinach is a rich source of folate, a nutrient known to enhance blood circulation. Folic acid plays a crucial role in male sexual function, and low levels have been linked to erectile dysfunction. A cup (240 grams) of boiled spinach provides 66% of the daily recommended intake of folate. Additionally, spinach contains magnesium, which promotes blood flow and may reduce the risk of erectile dysfunction.

2. Caffeine

Caffeine may have a role in preventing erectile dysfunction, though research findings are mixed. A 2014 study involving over 3,000 men found that those with a higher caffeine intake (85 to 300 mg per day) reported fewer instances of erectile dysfunction. However, a 2024 review of studies involving more than 51,000 men did not establish a significant link between caffeine consumption and erectile dysfunction.

3. Apples

Apples are high in flavonoids, natural plant compounds that offer various health benefits. A 2016 review identified apples as a top source of flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavones, and flavanones. Increased consumption of these compounds was linked to a 19% lower risk of erectile dysfunction. Additionally, apple peels contain ursolic acid, which has shown potential in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth.

4. Avocados

Avocados have long been associated with fertility and sexual health. They are rich in vitamin E and zinc, both of which contribute to sperm quality and testosterone production. A 2024 review suggests that avocados may enhance sexual duration, reduce premature ejaculation, increase attraction, and improve overall sexual satisfaction.

5. Chile Peppers

A 2015 study found that men who preferred spicier foods had higher testosterone levels in their saliva. While this does not confirm that spicy foods directly boost testosterone, the compound capsaicin found in hot peppers may have benefits. A 2013 study suggested that capsaicin stimulates pleasure centers in the brain, potentially enhancing mood and serving as an aphrodisiac.

6. Carrots

Carrots contain carotenoids, which may help improve testosterone production, sperm count, and sperm motility. Given that low testosterone levels are linked to erectile dysfunction, consuming carrots may help manage hormone levels.

7. Oats

Oats contain L-arginine, an amino acid that helps relax blood vessels, potentially improving blood flow to the penis. Some studies suggest L-arginine may aid in treating erectile dysfunction and boosting testosterone levels. Additionally, oats have been classified as an aphrodisiac that may enhance libido.

8. Tomatoes

Tomatoes are packed with antioxidants, including lycopene, which may support sexual and reproductive health. A 2024 review found that individuals with lower lycopene intake had a higher risk of erectile dysfunction. Tomatoes are also rich in vitamin C and polyphenols, which may reduce inflammation and improve blood flow. A 2017 study involving men with infertility suggested that consuming tomato juice for 12 weeks improved sperm motility.

Can Diet Alone Cure Erectile Dysfunction?

While there is limited research on whether diet alone can reverse erectile dysfunction, a 2020 review found that following a Mediterranean diet—rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats—may help prevent the condition.

A new poll found that the number of American adults who are unable to afford necessary health care services and medications has reached its highest level since 2021. This is as per an analysis by Gallup and West Health. The findings show a growing gap in access to quality health care, especially between the high and the low-income Americans.

What Does The Data Say?

As per the numbers, 11% of adults in 2024, which makes it around 29 million people were classified as "cost desperate". This means that they lacked access to affordable care and were unable to pay for necessary medical treatments. This figure has increased from 8% in 2021. The survey was conducted form November 18 to December 27. This included responses from more than 6,200 adults.

What Is The Impact On Minority Communities?

The financial burden of health care is affecting certain demographic groups more than others. The percentage of Hispanic adults categorized as cost desperate increased from 10% in 2021 to 18% in 2024. Similarly, 14% of Black adults faced cost desperation in 2024, up from 9% in 2021. In contrast, the percentage of white adults in this category remained steady at 8%.

At the same time, the number of Americans classified as "cost secure"—those who can access and afford quality care—has fallen significantly. Only 51% of adults reported feeling financially secure about their health care costs in 2024, down from 61% in 2022. The decline was especially sharp for Hispanic and Black adults, with only 34% of Hispanic respondents and 41% of Black respondents feeling cost secure, compared to 51% and 54% in 2021, respectively.

ALSO READ: American Woman Who Compared US Healthcare System With India Says Affordability Is An Issue In America

Is There A Gap Between Income Levels?

The data also highlight that there is a financial divide in health care access between high and low income households. Among individuals earning less than $24,000 annually, the percentage of those categorized as cost desperate rose sharply from 14% in 2021 to 25% in 2024. In contrast, for those earning $180,000 or more, cost desperation fell from 2% to just 1% over the same period.

Increasing Concerns Over Health Care Affordability

As financial strain increases, more Americans are worried about their ability to afford health care when needed. In 2024, 35% of adults said they would be unable to pay for medical services if required, compared to 29% in 2021. The data suggests that economic pressures are making it harder for people to access timely and necessary medical treatments.

Policy Changes and Their Potential Impact

The affordability crisis is unfolding at a time when key policy decisions could make access to health care even more challenging for many Americans. Medicaid, the largest source of health care coverage in the U.S., is at risk of severe funding cuts under a House-passed budget proposal that could slash up to $880 billion over the next decade. If enacted, such cuts would likely force millions of low-income individuals off Medicaid, exacerbating financial and health disparities.

Additionally, new tariffs proposed by the Trump administration could drive up drug prices. Analysts warn that if major exporters of generic medications, such as India, are affected by these levies, the cost of essential prescription drugs could increase, leading to further accessibility issues.

A Growing Crisis With No Clear Solution

The findings indicate that access to affordable health care is becoming more difficult for millions of Americans, particularly those in lower-income brackets and minority communities. With policy shifts and economic challenges on the horizon, health care affordability remains a pressing concern for many, with no immediate solutions in sight.