The global obesity epidemic, affecting over one billion people worldwide, is largely driven by eating behaviors. Appetite, influenced by both intrinsic and environmental factors, plays a crucial role in weight management. A recent study how exercise affects appetite perception in obese males, shedding light on the physiological mechanisms behind hunger suppression post-exercise.

While exercise is well-known for its benefits in weight management, its direct impact on appetite control has remained a subject of debate. Appetite is regulated by a complex network of gastrointestinal and neurohormonal signals, including hormones like ghrelin, leptin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These hormones influence hunger levels, satiety, and energy balance.

The study published in Physiological Reports examines investigated how moderate continuous aerobic exercise (MICE) alters these hormone levels in obese men, ultimately affecting their hunger perception. The findings reveal that certain myokines and cytokines shift dynamically post-exercise, potentially reducing appetite and offering a promising strategy for weight management.

Hormonal Responses to Exercise

The study found that after exercise, there was a significant increase in IL-6 and irisin levels in the exercise group compared to those who remained sedentary. These elevated concentrations persisted for an hour after working out. IL-6 has been associated with regulating metabolism and enhancing fat oxidation, while irisin plays a role in converting white fat into more metabolically active brown fat.

Conversely, the study reported a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels, a key neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating appetite. The decline in NPY levels post-exercise suggests a temporary suppression of hunger, supporting the idea that exercise can curb cravings. However, the study did not observe significant changes in IL-7 or leptin levels, two other hormones involved in appetite regulation.

Why Some People Struggle to Lose Weight

Ghrelin, often called the “hunger hormone,” stimulates appetite by increasing activity in specific areas of the brain. Individuals with higher ghrelin levels generally find it harder to lose weight because their bodies signal hunger more frequently.

Research suggests that dieting can lead to an increase in ghrelin levels, making weight loss challenging. Certain medical conditions, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Prader-Willi syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, are also linked to elevated ghrelin levels, complicating appetite regulation further.

Challenges in Implementing Exercise for Appetite Control

While exercise has clear benefits, the findings should be interpreted with caution. He pointed out that the study had a small sample size, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.

Moreover, he highlighted the challenges faced by obese individuals in maintaining an intensive exercise routine. While exercise-induced appetite suppression is promising, consistently engaging in high-intensity workouts may be unrealistic for those who struggle with mobility or fitness levels. More extensive studies are needed to determine the optimal exercise duration and intensity for effective appetite suppression.

Tips to Naturally And Safely Suppressing Appetite

Besides exercise, there are several strategies individuals can use to naturally suppress their appetite and improve satiety:

Increase Protein Intake: Protein-rich foods, such as lean meats, legumes, and dairy, promote feelings of fullness and reduce hunger.

Stay Hydrated: Drinking water before meals can help control portion sizes and prevent overeating.

Opt for Fiber-Rich Foods: Whole grains, vegetables, and fruits high in fiber take longer to digest, keeping you full for longer.

Reduce Simple Carbohydrates and Sugars: Simple carbs and sugars cause rapid spikes and crashes in blood sugar levels, leading to increased hunger.

Prioritize Sleep: Poor sleep disrupts hunger-regulating hormones, making it harder to control cravings.

Manage Stress: Chronic stress increases cortisol levels, which can lead to overeating and weight gain.

The study’s findings indicate that moderate exercise can temporarily suppress appetite by altering key hormones. While more research is needed to refine the details—such as optimal workout duration and intensity—this insight adds to the growing body of evidence supporting exercise as a tool for appetite regulation and weight management.

For individuals looking to curb cravings and maintain a healthy weight, incorporating a well-balanced diet alongside regular exercise remains the most sustainable approach. Future studies focusing on larger populations and long-term effects could provide deeper insights into how exercise can be optimized for appetite control, making it an effective strategy in combating obesity.

Exercise alone is not a magic solution for weight loss, but its impact on appetite hormones presents a promising avenue for managing hunger and energy balance. As research continues to evolve, it becomes increasingly clear that integrating physical activity with mindful eating habits can play a vital role in achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Weight-loss drugs like Zepbound and Mounjaro work by suppressing appetite and making the user feel less hungry, reducing how much they eat. But a new study suggests tirzepatide, the active ingredient in both drugs, it could help the body use more energy by activating brown fat.

The finding primarily comes from mice, not humans, so it is too early to say that tirzepatide can directly increase the number of calories burned in users.

The study, led by researchers at the University of Barcelona and published in Biomedicine, looked at how tirzepatide affects different types of fat tissue.

How Does Tirzepatide Usually Help With Weight Loss?

Tirzepatide works by mimicking two hormones, GIP and GLP-1, which are involved in appetite, food intake and blood sugar regulation.

One of its major effects is reducing appetite, which can help people consume fewer calories. Research has already shown that tirzepatide can substantially reduce energy intake compared to placebo.

But researchers wanted to know whether there was something else happening inside the body that could not simply be explained by eating less, which led them to brown fat.

Also read: Stopping Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro Linked To 22% Higher Heart Attack, Stroke Risk: Study

What Is Brown Fat?

Most of us are familiar with white fat, which stores excess energy. Brown fat is brown adipose tissue. It is known for using energy and producing heat. It contains mitochondria that allow it to burn fuel.

The researchers gave obese mice tirzepatide and compared them to mice that were not given the drug but consumed the same amount of food. This development allowed the scientists to separate the effects of the drug from the effects of simply eating fewer calories. They identified that tirzepatide activated brown adipose tissue.

According to the researchers, this was linked with a greater capacity to use metabolic energy and with the production of signalling molecules called batokines, which may have beneficial effects on metabolism.

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Could Mounjaro And Zepbound Also Burn Calories?

It’s a possibility but it has not yet been proven in humans. The study suggests that tirzepatide can activate a biological pathway involved in energy burning. That is different from proving that Mounjaro or Zepbound can burn calories as well.

This distinction is important because headlines about “boosting metabolism” can make the effect sound much larger or more established than the evidence currently allows.

For years, scientists have been exploring whether activating brown fat could help find another way of tackling obesity. Most weight-loss strategies focus heavily on reducing how much energy enters the body. Activating brown fat offers another way of increasing how much energy the body uses.

Previous attempts to stimulate brown fat pharmacologically have run into problems, particularly due to unforeseen cardiovascular effects.

The University of Barcelona researchers say tirzepatide’s known cardiovascular benefits make its brown-fat activation particularly interesting, although this finding itself still needs to be confirmed in huma Tirzepatide ns.

Tirzepatide already has several effects on the body through its GIP and GLP-1 activity. Reduced appetite and food intake remain important mechanisms behind its weight-loss effects. The new study suggests that changes in fat tissue and energy metabolism could add scope layer to the drug’s effects.

But it would be premature to conclude that brown-fat activation is responsible for a the weight loss seen with tirzepatide in people.

Hollywood star Sylvester Stallone recently revealed that building the body to play Rocky Balboa in his Oscar-winning film Rocky came at a health cost.

The 80-year-old actor has revealed that his obsession with achieving an extremely lean, muscular physique while making the Rocky films became so intense that he developed bulimia and used anabolic steroids. Speaking to The New York Times, Stallone said he reached 2.6% body fat while filming Rocky III and described his relationship with his body at the time as an “obsession.”

He also said he used steroids in cycles of roughly six weeks on and six weeks off, while revealing that the approach eventually took a “terrible toll” on his body.

Stallone's admission admission offers a glimpse into the health risks that can come with the obsession of chasing an extremely muscular physique with very low body fat.

Stallone said, “It was my armor. I looked at Rocky: very smooth, very normal-looking guy. And then I said, I think the character would start to become a bit more vain. And then in ‘Rambo,’ you’re playing a warrior, so you’d be a little bit more animalistic. You wouldn’t be so smooth,” he said. “So I started to think: Design your body like a jaguar, a cat. Not big like Arnold, but more feral and aggressive and very limber and athletic.”

He added, “It got to the point where I became bulimic,” he said. “I got down to 2.6 percent body fat when I was doing ‘Rocky III,’ and I couldn’t hold anything down. Or I didn’t want to keep it down because I became so obsessed with staying at that point of fitness, literally an obsessive body-worship kind of thing.”

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What Is Bulimia?

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating is followed by erratic actions intended to compensate for the food consumed. For example, after binge-eating, one may purge, meaning self-induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise or misuse of laxatives. The goal is not simply wanting to lose weight.

Repeated purging can lead to dehydration and dangerous imbalance of essential electrolytes, particularly involving potassium. These changes can interfere with the heart's electrical activity and, in severe cases, lead to life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms.

Bulimia can also lead to acid reflux, gastrointestinal problems, chronic throat irritation, swollen salivary glands and erosion of tooth enamel.

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Extremely Low Body Fat Is Risky

Stallone's said that he had reached a body-fat level of 2.6% which is an extraordinarily low number. However, a body-fat percentage alone cannot diagnose an eating disorder. It is ascertained by how someone got to that number and what happens to the body in the process.

Severe restriction on eating habits and excessive exercise can leave the body deprived of adequate energy, electrolytes, and nutrients.

Eating disorders can affect the heart, bones, muscles, reproductive system and other organs, and they can occur in people belonging to different weight groups.

In Stallone's case, he said he was unable or unwilling to keep food down while remaining intensely focused on maintaining his physique.

Risks Of Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic substances related to testosterone. They can increase muscle mass and strength, but using them without medical supervision can have adverse effects on different organs.

Misuse of these steroids can lead to high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, heart problems, liver disease and kidney damage. It can also affect fertility and reproductive hormones. Changes in mood, irritability and aggressive behaviour have also been seen.

The cardiovascular effects are particularly alarming as long-term anabolic steroid misuse can lead to to changes in heart structure and function as well as increased cardiovascular risk.

Stallone has previously spoken about the physical consequences of his decades-long approach to fitness, saying he has undergone nine back operations, two shoulder operations and three neck fusions.

He has also said that playing a heavier, physically less imposing character in Cop Land helped him feel liberated from the pressure to maintain his action-star physique.

Ageing changes the body in ways people expect, like weaker hearing or eyesight. Fewer people realize it also quietly eats away at muscle.

Research published in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle shows that age-related muscle loss begins well before old age and can eventually affect strength, mobility and independence. This process is known as sarcopenia, and research has documented it as one of the important threats to physical function as people age.

Why It Matters More With Age

Charlie Grundas, a certified personal trainer in Chicago, told TIME he asks clients if they ever want to reach a point where they can't get off the toilet. Beyond frailty, strength training also protects bone density, which lowers the risk of fractures from falls. Will Hewitt, a trainer in Massachusetts, told TIME that added muscle can even cushion the body if a fall does happen.

It isn't only trainers making this case. In 1988, researchers at Tufts University's nutrition centre on aging, led by Walter Frontera, found that sedentary men in their sixties significantly increased leg strength and muscle mass after just 12 weeks of training, according to a report by WRAL. Two years later, a study by Dr. Maria Fiatarone at the same center, published in JAMA, found strength gains averaging 174 percent in nursing home residents in their nineties.

Sharon Salomon, who took up weightlifting in her sixties and is now, at 77, the oldest competitive female powerlifter in her state, put it simply in an interview with Next Avenue, "I want to stay healthy and be as strong as I can."

According to the American College of Sports Medicine, even one to three sets of six to fifteen reps, done twice a week, is enough to make a difference. Doctors recommend checking with a physician first, especially for anyone returning to exercise after an injury.

There are five exercises that can help build and maintain the strength needed for everyday movements as you age:

The Goblet Squat

This move mimics the motion of standing up from a chair, something worth protecting for life. It works the thighs, glutes, and core, and holding a weight at chest height, per the National Academy of Sports Medicine, helps keep the torso upright through the movement. Those who find squatting difficult can substitute a step-down instead.

The Sitting-Rising Test

Grundas ends his yoga classes by having students stand up off the floor without using their hands. It's a real fitness marker, too. A 2026 study in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology found that people who could do this without support had a four times lower risk of death over the study period than those who needed help.

The Seated Overhead Press

This keeps the shoulders strong enough for ordinary tasks, like lifting a suitcase into an overhead bin. Sitting on a bench, a dumbbell is pressed overhead from each shoulder, then lowered with control.

The Kickstand Romanian Deadlift

Grundas recommends this version of the deadlift to preserve the ability to pick things up off the floor safely. Standing on one leg with the other foot lightly touching down behind, the hips hinge back while lowering a weight, then return upright.

The Bear Crawl Hold

Core strength does more than protect the back, Hewitt told TIME. It also supports the pelvic floor, which affects bladder control as people age. Holding a hands-and-knees position with the knees hovering off the ground for ten to sixty seconds builds this strength.

Starting small and staying consistent matters more than intensity. Decades of research, point to the same conclusion. It's never too late to begin.